确定电解铝厂卫生防护距离方法研究

针对GB/T 13201-91推荐的企业卫生防护距离计算公式未能体现电解铝厂厂房构造和平面布置的特点,导致计算结果与实际监测数据出入较大,给新建项目选址和现有企业的环境管理带来一些困难等问题.从电解铝厂无组织排放源的特征和推荐公式计算误差的问题入手,根据电解铝厂厂房的实际配置和结构,充分考虑诸多条件下卫生防护距离的计算,并比较了各种方法的计算结果,确定了更符合实际卫生防护距离的方法,从而在一定程度上解决了因GB/T 13201-91给定的公式计算结果偏大给电解铝厂的选址带来的困难.      

活性污泥法处理味精厂废水的工艺优化

经过总结与改进武汉味全食品有限公司近 5年污水处理工艺、设备 ,结果表明 ,经过增加三级曝气池、罗茨鼓风机等工艺改进 ,SS由 132mg/L降为 112mg/L ;NH3 N由 119mg/L降为 37 6mg/L ;Ar OH由 0 0 1mg/L降为 0 0 0 9mg/L ;BOD5由 5年前的 34 6mg/L降为现在的 2 1 2mg/L ;COD由 5年前的 117mg/L降为现在的 6 2 6mg/L ;运行成本由 85 0万降到 4 5 0万 ,通过此工艺的改进及优化 ,基本达到国家污水排放标准 ,完全达到行业排放标准     

Identification of Pollution Source of Cadmium in Soil. Application of Material Flow Analysis and A Case Study in Taiwan (11 pp)

Background Since the 1970s, at least 200 hectares (ha) of farmland has been polluted by the heavy metal cadmium (Cd).Consequently, the Cd pollution has led to contaminate the rice production and caused acute social panic. According to the recent investigation results performed by the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration (TEPA), it is indicated that most of the Cd pollution incidents in Taiwan resulted from the wastewater discharge of stearate Cd factories. To prevent the Cd pollution incidents from spreading, the TEPA has either forced these factories to close down or assisted them in improving their production processes since the 1980s. Unfortunately, accidental incidents of Cd pollution still emerge in an endless stream, despite the strict governmental controls placed on these questionable factories. Whether this pollution has resulted from undetected or hidden pollution sources stemming from two decades ago or comes from some new source, will be an outstanding issue. Therefore, this study attempts to identify the pollution sources of Cd in soil in Taiwan as well as to find the solution to the above-mentioned, outstanding issue by way of a methodology termed Material Flow Analysis (MFA). Method logy. The MFA has proved to be a useful tool on providing quantitative information of the flow of substances through an economic to an environmental system. Based upon the supply-and-demand theory of MFA, researchers have successfully conducted an overview of the use of materials in many industries, the construction industry being one of these. Therefore, this study tries to establish a set of analytical processes by way of MFA for identifying the pollution source of Cd in soil in Taiwan. In addition, the spirit of Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) technique was also employed to identify the materials, and products should be ignored as a crucial pollution source in this study. Results and Discussion According to the MFA methodology applied in this study and on the basis of related studies performed by Taiwanese governmental authorities, we arrive at the following analysis results: (1) the total amount of Cd from the economic perspective of material and product flow was approximately 441.2 tons; (2) the wastewater directly discharged into irrigation water can be concluded to be the major pollution route of Cd in farmland soil in Taiwan; (3) material plastic stabilizer (cadmium oxide, CdO), Zn-Pd compounds and Cu compounds should be the crucial pollution sources to contaminate environment through the route of wastewater in Cd flow analysis; (4) the crucial pollution sources to contaminate environment through the route of wastewater in Cd flow analysis were five factories, Coin, Jili, Taiwan Dye, Guangzheng and Mingguan, and they were all categorized as stearate Cd industries; (5) the typical source of the Cd pollution in soil in Changhua County through the pollution route of wastewater should be the metal surfacing process industries. Conclusions This study proved that MFA can be a good tool for identifying Cd flow as well as for recognizing the crux of the problem concerning incidents of Cd pollution. This study led to the conclusion that the causal relationship between farmland pollution caused by Cd and stearate Cd factories in Taiwan seemed quite close by way of MFA methodology. In addition, this study also found that the wastewater discharged from a single metal surfacing process factory will not cause remarkable farmland pollution. However, the wastewater simultaneously discharged from a group of pollution factories can result in a significant pollution incident. Recommendations and Outlook This case study is only a small contribution to the understanding of the toxic material flow related to Cd in the environment. This study recommends that Taiwanese governmental authorities should not deal with problems on an ad hoc basis, but should instead deal with Cd pollution problems overall employing control measures. Finally, the more accurate information or data we can collect, the more reliable results we can identify. Therefore, the quality and quantity of related data used in this MFA model should be closely scrutinized in order to ensure the most correct and comprehensive investigation on the toxic material flow.     

电镀厂下游水体中重金属的分布特征及其风险评价

以苏南某电镀厂下游地表水和浅层地下水为研究对象,探讨电镀厂废水对其造成的影响,采用ICP-AES分析了地表水与地下水样品中重金属Zn、Mn、Cr、Cu和Ni的含量.结果表明,电镀厂向河流中排放Zn、Mn、Cr、Cu和Ni等酸性污染物,浓度分别达到1.34、3.77、28.1、6.40和9.37 mg·L-1,pH为2.32,除Zn外皆超过国家污水综合排放标准,是构成下游河流中重金属沿程分布的主要原因.重金属在井水中的分布特征,未能说明其受到河水重金属的影响,表明重金属在土壤中迁移率较低.风险评价结果显示,地表水水质明显下降,河水中Ni和Mn超标严重,Cr和Cu也有部分样点不同程度地超过Ⅲ类标准限值.以14口井水为地下水中,除Mn元素有4个样点属于Ⅳ类地下水之外,其它重金属皆达到生活饮用水标准.     

污水处理厂绿化方式分析

以绿化常识为基础结合污水处理厂的特性,论述了污水处理厂厂区绿化的组成、栽植及布局特点。充分考虑污水处理厂特定功能环境:地下管网复杂、用地性质特殊和污染源的存在,阐述了合理的绿化布局方式,使绿化建设符合生产特点,体现厂区特色,具有良好的生态功能和观赏效果。     

浅谈格栅-高效浅层气浮-消解酸化-生化曝气工艺在处理高浓度酱厂废水中的应用

采用格栅一旋转固液分离一高效浅层气浮一消解酸化一生化曝气工艺处理高浓度酱厂废水,设计规模为1000 m['3]/h,总排口水质为:pH=7.05、COD<,cr>=71.6mg/L、SS=38mg/L、NH<,3>一N=1mg/L.     

阿特拉津生产废水排放对水稻危害的风险分析

阿特拉津是目前世界上广泛使用的除草剂之一,在我国主要使用于东北和华北地区。近年来我国一些地区接连发现了灌溉含有阿特拉津河水的水稻疫苗受害事件。以河北省宣化农药厂的生产工艺为例,通过使用概率评价的方法,进行了阿特拉津对水稻危害的风险分析研究结果表明,这种风险不仅与工厂废水中阿特拉津的排放有关,而且还取决于河水的流量及其风险率所得结果与该厂历史上的实际情况相吻合。     

化成箔厂腐蚀废酸回收利用技术经济可行性研究

化成箔厂因腐蚀铝箔而产生大量废酸,本文利用扩散渗析工作原理对废酸进行回收,不仅减少对水环境的污染,而且对企业具有较好的经济效益,有利于企业和社会的可持续发展.     

生物制品企业污水的消毒处理及实例

生物制品企业排放的污水中含有大量的致病性细菌、病毒等微生物,必须进行彻底的消毒处理。由于生产的制品种类不同导致所排放的微生物不同,因此需根据微生物的种类选择合适的消毒方法。     

Effect of heavy metals on soil nematode communities in the vicinity of a metallurgical factory

The influence of Cu and Zn on soil nematode communities was examined along a pollution gradient with increasing distance from a metallurgical factory. Total and available heavy metal contents were used to study the effects of heavy metals on nematode abundance, trophic groups and ecological indices. The results demonstrated significant correlations between the number of total nematodes, bacterivores, plant-parasites and the total and available heavy metals. Bacterivores and plant-parasites were the dominant trophic groups. Significant differences in different sampling sites were found only in the number of bacterivores（P〈0.01）. The Shannon-Weaver diversity index（W）, trophic diversity index（TD）, evenness index（J＇） and dominance index（λ） were found to be sensitive to soil pH and C/N ratios. Significant correlations were found between the total nematodes （TNEM）, some genera （A crobeloides, Aphelenchoides, Cephalobus, Ditylenchus, Mesorhabditis, Tetylenchus and Tylenchus） and distance from the factory.